As you know, die every year thousands of animals, wild and domestic, home of poisoning. In non-urbanized areas are often the poachers to spread poison bait in order to eliminate "potential competitors" (wolves, foxes, etc..), Or the farmers to resort to this practice to kill animals that are harmful to agriculture, while in urbanized centers this phenomenon, an alarming expansion, aims to close communal quarrels between neighbors or neighbors, say because of noise pollution from barking dogs, or find its root in acts of hooliganism or bullying designed to remedy, for example, in the presence of feral colonies considered annoying.
My paper aims to examine the legal aspects of this phenomenon in terms of criminal and civil liability of those who puts in such conduct, and the subsequent response sanction order.
My paper aims to examine the legal aspects of this phenomenon in terms of criminal and civil liability of those who puts in such conduct, and the subsequent response sanction order.
In focus are, firstly, Articles 544-bis and 544-ter of the Penal Code, introduced by L. 189/04, punishing, respectively, the killing and mistreatment of animals.
Article. 544-bis states: "Whoever, without cruelty, cagiona la morte di un animale è punito con la reclusione da tre mesi a diciotto mesi”, mentre l’art. 544-ter, in tema di maltrattamento, prevede che “chiunque, per crudeltà o senza necessità, cagiona una lesione ad un animale ovvero lo sottopone a sevizie” è punito con la reclusione da tre mesi a un anno o con la multa da 3.000 a 15.000 euro. La stessa pena si applica a chiunque somministra agli animali sostanze stupefacenti o vietate ovvero li sottopone a trattamenti che procurano un danno alla salute degli stessi (come avviene per gli avvelenamenti non letali). L’ultimo comma di tale articolo prevede che la pena è aumentata della metà se dai predetti fatti deriva la morte dell'animale.
L’introduzione those Articles (544 - and 544 a - b) in the penal code has been hailed, and rightly so, as a break from the previously existing regulatory system, which was conducted in fall any damage the animals in the event of contravention referred to ' art. 727 Criminal Code, which punished such conduct with a modest fine, giving the accused the right to choose whether to enter oblivion or even groped to get prescription of the procedure, very short and therefore easily accessible. The cases of conviction, therefore, have been very few and almost always determined - for the poisoning - the lack of opposition to the penal order. This legal instrument, pur avendo garantito una punizione dei colpevoli, non ha mai avuto una funzione realmente repressiva delle predette condotte, a causa della modestissima entità delle pene pecuniarie comminate.
Sempre nel codice penale vi sono altri articoli che vengono in rilievo ai fini della nostra disamina, quali l’art. 638 e 674.
L’art. 638, sotto la rubrica “Uccisione o danneggiamento di animali altrui”, sancisce che chiunque, senza necessità, uccide o rende inservibili o comunque deteriora animali che appartengono ad altri (ed è questo l’elemento caratterizzante della previsione normativa), è punito, salvo che il fatto costituisca più grave reato, ed a querela della persona offesa, con la reclusione up to one year or a fine of up to € 309. The punishment shall be imprisonment from six months to four years, and shall proceed if the act is committed on three or more head of cattle raised in sheep or cattle, or cattle or equine animals, whether or not collected in herd .
Article. 674, however, under the heading "Jet dangerous things," provides that anyone who throws or pours, in a place of public transit or a private place or another but of common use, things likely to offend or harass people or dirty, or, in cases not permitted by law, rise to emissions of gas, vapor or smoke, acts to cause such effects, shall be punished with imprisonment of up to one month or a fine of up to € 206.
Indeed, leaving poisoned baits or constitutes a danger not only to animals but also, for example, for children who can put their hands in their mouths after touching these products. And what
fail to mention the fact that the poisoned baits are also dangerous for the environment, since the poisonous substances such as strychnine, to remain long in the tissues of the victims, they can also cause soil pollution and groundwater .
This may be relevant in addition to specific provisions of the Consolidated Environmental, which can not be discussed here, also art. 440 of the Penal Code, which punishes with imprisonment from three to ten years, "everyone corrupts or adulterous waters or substances intended for, before they are drawn or distributed for consumption, making them dangerous to public health. "
To return to the specific topic of poisoning of animals are raised, however, additional legislation, not codicistiche, given by L.157/92 ("Rules for protecting wildlife and the hunting omeoterma", in slang known as the Hunting Act "), which, in Article 21 letter u), states that it is prohibited for anyone to" use bait or poisoned, limes or other adhesive substances, traps, nets, traps, snares, bows or similar devices "and the Text Unico delle Leggi Sanitarie (Regio Decreto 27 luglio 1934, n. 1265), che all’art. 146 proibisce e punisce la distribuzione di sostanze velenose.
Sull’argomento è intervenuto recentemente il Ministero della Salute emanando l’Ordinanza contingibile e urgente concernente norme sul divieto di utilizzo e di detenzione di esche o bocconi avvelenati (Gazzetta Ufficiale n.13/09), con il precipuo scopo di combattere “il dilagare del fenomeno di uccisione di animali mediante l'utilizzo di esche o bocconi avvelenati sia in ambito urbano, che extraurbano nonché le sempre più frequenti morti tra la fauna selvatica per ingestione di sostanze tossiche abbandonate volontariamente nell'ambiente, con conseguenti rilevanti danni al patrimonio faunistico selvatico e in particolare alle specie in via di estinzione”.
All’art. 1 della predetta ordinanza, viene stabilito che “è vietato a chiunque utilizzare in modo improprio, preparare, miscelare e abbandonare esche e bocconi avvelenati o contenenti sostanze tossiche o nocive, compresi vetri, plastiche e metalli; è vietato, altresì, la detenzione, l'utilizzo e l'abbandono di qualsiasi alimento preparato in maniera tale da poter causare intossicazioni o lesioni al soggetto che lo ingerisce”. E’ impostante sottolineare, dunque, che il provvedimento ministeriale si riferisce non solo alle esche o ai cosiddetti bocconi avvelenati, ma anche alle preparazioni contenenti sostanze velenose or noxious substances, including glass, plastics and metals.
The ordinance provides that the owner or manager of the animal died because of poisoned baits or is required to report the occurrence to the competent authorities. This provision is aimed, obviously, to make censibile any case of poisoning, in order to overcome the current shortage of data, making it difficult to even make the statistics on the true extent of the phenomenon. Similarly
is bound to alert the veterinary surgeon who, based on overt symptoms, a diagnosis of suspected poisoning, or is still aware of a case of poisoning of a specimen of the species domestic or wild. In this case, the veterinarian must immediately notify the mayor and the Veterinary Service of the local health territorial jurisdiction.
In case of death of the animal, the veterinarian must also send the remains and any other standard for identifying the poison or substance that caused the death Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale responsible for the area, accompanied by medical history report, in order to address the analytical research.
Institutes Zooprophylactic experimental, in turn, have to undergo an autopsy of the animal and the necessary analysis on samples taken at autopsy or received and report the results to the veterinarian that sent the samples to the veterinary service to the local health territorial jurisdiction and, if positive, the judicial authorities.
Even the mayor, after being notified of poisoning, you must give immediate arrangements for the opening of an investigation to be carried out in collaboration with other competent authorities, and at the same time to activate all necessary steps to remediate the area affected, in the meantime must be marked with warning signs. A similar provision should be made to ban the practice of hunting in areas affected by phenomena of poisoning.
The ministerial order in question also states that in each prefecture should be istituito un «Tavolo di coordinamento» per la gestione degli interventi da effettuare e per il monitoraggio del fenomeno, costituito da un rappresentante della provincia, dai sindaci delle aree interessate e da rappresentanti dei Servizi veterinari delle Aziende sanitarie locali, del Corpo forestale dello Stato, degli Istituti zooprofilattici sperimentali competenti per territorio, delle Guardie zoofile e delle Forze di polizia locali.
L’ordinanza non indica quali debbano essere i compiti specifici del predetto “Tavolo di Coordinamento”. Tra questi certamente si deve ricomprendere il mappaggio delle zone a rischio, in modo da studiare accuratamente il fenomeno per individuare responsabilità e possibili interventi.
Un altro task of that table should be to coordinate the activities of public information by means of suitable means of communication (internet, television, radio and print) on the dangers and how to behave, in order to lodge a complaint. You can also think of educational courses in schools through the Environmental Education Center, to promote respectful to animals.
The training programs are essential to combat the phenomenon of poisoning, and this also applies to those appointed to watch (the State Forestry, the provincial and municipal police, State Police, the Carabinieri, the Guardia di Finanza ), which must be prepared, so that we can come to the immediate elimination of the danger, and eventually the guilty punished.
The difficulty of grasping the author in the act of poisoning is a fact, and that's why statistics are important, the surveys and the mapping which has been discussed, because the most affected areas is a clear need to intensify investigations . But then
be professional, it stresses, and not just by the police, but also by the prosecution. The L. 189/04 provides, for example, that prosecutors can delegate tasks concerning the protection of pets anche alle guardie zoofile, ma sono certo che la maggior parte dei pubblici ministeri non ha mai neppure sentito parlare di tali guardie.
E, dunque, quando l’istituto zooprofilattico avverte la magistratura a seguito di un caso di avvelenamento accertato, occorre disporre immediatamente delle perizie, eventualmente anche a mezzo di incidenti probatori, affinchè gli esami effettuati abbiano valenza probatoria, e consentano di punire il colpevole, se questo è stato individuato.
Per questo io penso che vadano organizzati incontri di studio, rivolti agli operatori del diritto, affinchè si prenda conoscenza dell’importanza dell’applicazione delle normative sopra citate, che spesso vengono considerate di scarsissima importanza.
The authors of the poisoning, in addition to responding to the criminal, pays for the damage, and it is precisely the damages which seeks the establishment of a civil party in criminal proceedings. For
have the right to a civil action are not only the owners of animals poisoned and protectionist groups, but also public bodies (state, regions, provinces, municipalities, autonomous bodies, National Parks etc..) Because, for the reasons which are above, behind the poisoning of animals there is an "environmental damage", ie the attack on the natural and cultural values \u200b\u200bthat are obviously of public interest.
Article. 544-bis states: "Whoever, without cruelty, cagiona la morte di un animale è punito con la reclusione da tre mesi a diciotto mesi”, mentre l’art. 544-ter, in tema di maltrattamento, prevede che “chiunque, per crudeltà o senza necessità, cagiona una lesione ad un animale ovvero lo sottopone a sevizie” è punito con la reclusione da tre mesi a un anno o con la multa da 3.000 a 15.000 euro. La stessa pena si applica a chiunque somministra agli animali sostanze stupefacenti o vietate ovvero li sottopone a trattamenti che procurano un danno alla salute degli stessi (come avviene per gli avvelenamenti non letali). L’ultimo comma di tale articolo prevede che la pena è aumentata della metà se dai predetti fatti deriva la morte dell'animale.
L’introduzione those Articles (544 - and 544 a - b) in the penal code has been hailed, and rightly so, as a break from the previously existing regulatory system, which was conducted in fall any damage the animals in the event of contravention referred to ' art. 727 Criminal Code, which punished such conduct with a modest fine, giving the accused the right to choose whether to enter oblivion or even groped to get prescription of the procedure, very short and therefore easily accessible. The cases of conviction, therefore, have been very few and almost always determined - for the poisoning - the lack of opposition to the penal order. This legal instrument, pur avendo garantito una punizione dei colpevoli, non ha mai avuto una funzione realmente repressiva delle predette condotte, a causa della modestissima entità delle pene pecuniarie comminate.
Sempre nel codice penale vi sono altri articoli che vengono in rilievo ai fini della nostra disamina, quali l’art. 638 e 674.
L’art. 638, sotto la rubrica “Uccisione o danneggiamento di animali altrui”, sancisce che chiunque, senza necessità, uccide o rende inservibili o comunque deteriora animali che appartengono ad altri (ed è questo l’elemento caratterizzante della previsione normativa), è punito, salvo che il fatto costituisca più grave reato, ed a querela della persona offesa, con la reclusione up to one year or a fine of up to € 309. The punishment shall be imprisonment from six months to four years, and shall proceed if the act is committed on three or more head of cattle raised in sheep or cattle, or cattle or equine animals, whether or not collected in herd .
Article. 674, however, under the heading "Jet dangerous things," provides that anyone who throws or pours, in a place of public transit or a private place or another but of common use, things likely to offend or harass people or dirty, or, in cases not permitted by law, rise to emissions of gas, vapor or smoke, acts to cause such effects, shall be punished with imprisonment of up to one month or a fine of up to € 206.
Indeed, leaving poisoned baits or constitutes a danger not only to animals but also, for example, for children who can put their hands in their mouths after touching these products. And what
fail to mention the fact that the poisoned baits are also dangerous for the environment, since the poisonous substances such as strychnine, to remain long in the tissues of the victims, they can also cause soil pollution and groundwater .
This may be relevant in addition to specific provisions of the Consolidated Environmental, which can not be discussed here, also art. 440 of the Penal Code, which punishes with imprisonment from three to ten years, "everyone corrupts or adulterous waters or substances intended for, before they are drawn or distributed for consumption, making them dangerous to public health. "
To return to the specific topic of poisoning of animals are raised, however, additional legislation, not codicistiche, given by L.157/92 ("Rules for protecting wildlife and the hunting omeoterma", in slang known as the Hunting Act "), which, in Article 21 letter u), states that it is prohibited for anyone to" use bait or poisoned, limes or other adhesive substances, traps, nets, traps, snares, bows or similar devices "and the Text Unico delle Leggi Sanitarie (Regio Decreto 27 luglio 1934, n. 1265), che all’art. 146 proibisce e punisce la distribuzione di sostanze velenose.
Sull’argomento è intervenuto recentemente il Ministero della Salute emanando l’Ordinanza contingibile e urgente concernente norme sul divieto di utilizzo e di detenzione di esche o bocconi avvelenati (Gazzetta Ufficiale n.13/09), con il precipuo scopo di combattere “il dilagare del fenomeno di uccisione di animali mediante l'utilizzo di esche o bocconi avvelenati sia in ambito urbano, che extraurbano nonché le sempre più frequenti morti tra la fauna selvatica per ingestione di sostanze tossiche abbandonate volontariamente nell'ambiente, con conseguenti rilevanti danni al patrimonio faunistico selvatico e in particolare alle specie in via di estinzione”.
All’art. 1 della predetta ordinanza, viene stabilito che “è vietato a chiunque utilizzare in modo improprio, preparare, miscelare e abbandonare esche e bocconi avvelenati o contenenti sostanze tossiche o nocive, compresi vetri, plastiche e metalli; è vietato, altresì, la detenzione, l'utilizzo e l'abbandono di qualsiasi alimento preparato in maniera tale da poter causare intossicazioni o lesioni al soggetto che lo ingerisce”. E’ impostante sottolineare, dunque, che il provvedimento ministeriale si riferisce non solo alle esche o ai cosiddetti bocconi avvelenati, ma anche alle preparazioni contenenti sostanze velenose or noxious substances, including glass, plastics and metals.
The ordinance provides that the owner or manager of the animal died because of poisoned baits or is required to report the occurrence to the competent authorities. This provision is aimed, obviously, to make censibile any case of poisoning, in order to overcome the current shortage of data, making it difficult to even make the statistics on the true extent of the phenomenon. Similarly
is bound to alert the veterinary surgeon who, based on overt symptoms, a diagnosis of suspected poisoning, or is still aware of a case of poisoning of a specimen of the species domestic or wild. In this case, the veterinarian must immediately notify the mayor and the Veterinary Service of the local health territorial jurisdiction.
In case of death of the animal, the veterinarian must also send the remains and any other standard for identifying the poison or substance that caused the death Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale responsible for the area, accompanied by medical history report, in order to address the analytical research.
Institutes Zooprophylactic experimental, in turn, have to undergo an autopsy of the animal and the necessary analysis on samples taken at autopsy or received and report the results to the veterinarian that sent the samples to the veterinary service to the local health territorial jurisdiction and, if positive, the judicial authorities.
Even the mayor, after being notified of poisoning, you must give immediate arrangements for the opening of an investigation to be carried out in collaboration with other competent authorities, and at the same time to activate all necessary steps to remediate the area affected, in the meantime must be marked with warning signs. A similar provision should be made to ban the practice of hunting in areas affected by phenomena of poisoning.
The ministerial order in question also states that in each prefecture should be istituito un «Tavolo di coordinamento» per la gestione degli interventi da effettuare e per il monitoraggio del fenomeno, costituito da un rappresentante della provincia, dai sindaci delle aree interessate e da rappresentanti dei Servizi veterinari delle Aziende sanitarie locali, del Corpo forestale dello Stato, degli Istituti zooprofilattici sperimentali competenti per territorio, delle Guardie zoofile e delle Forze di polizia locali.
L’ordinanza non indica quali debbano essere i compiti specifici del predetto “Tavolo di Coordinamento”. Tra questi certamente si deve ricomprendere il mappaggio delle zone a rischio, in modo da studiare accuratamente il fenomeno per individuare responsabilità e possibili interventi.
Un altro task of that table should be to coordinate the activities of public information by means of suitable means of communication (internet, television, radio and print) on the dangers and how to behave, in order to lodge a complaint. You can also think of educational courses in schools through the Environmental Education Center, to promote respectful to animals.
The training programs are essential to combat the phenomenon of poisoning, and this also applies to those appointed to watch (the State Forestry, the provincial and municipal police, State Police, the Carabinieri, the Guardia di Finanza ), which must be prepared, so that we can come to the immediate elimination of the danger, and eventually the guilty punished.
The difficulty of grasping the author in the act of poisoning is a fact, and that's why statistics are important, the surveys and the mapping which has been discussed, because the most affected areas is a clear need to intensify investigations . But then
be professional, it stresses, and not just by the police, but also by the prosecution. The L. 189/04 provides, for example, that prosecutors can delegate tasks concerning the protection of pets anche alle guardie zoofile, ma sono certo che la maggior parte dei pubblici ministeri non ha mai neppure sentito parlare di tali guardie.
E, dunque, quando l’istituto zooprofilattico avverte la magistratura a seguito di un caso di avvelenamento accertato, occorre disporre immediatamente delle perizie, eventualmente anche a mezzo di incidenti probatori, affinchè gli esami effettuati abbiano valenza probatoria, e consentano di punire il colpevole, se questo è stato individuato.
Per questo io penso che vadano organizzati incontri di studio, rivolti agli operatori del diritto, affinchè si prenda conoscenza dell’importanza dell’applicazione delle normative sopra citate, che spesso vengono considerate di scarsissima importanza.
The authors of the poisoning, in addition to responding to the criminal, pays for the damage, and it is precisely the damages which seeks the establishment of a civil party in criminal proceedings. For
have the right to a civil action are not only the owners of animals poisoned and protectionist groups, but also public bodies (state, regions, provinces, municipalities, autonomous bodies, National Parks etc..) Because, for the reasons which are above, behind the poisoning of animals there is an "environmental damage", ie the attack on the natural and cultural values \u200b\u200bthat are obviously of public interest.
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